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Plante herbacée de taille moyenne à feuilles assez grandes, lancéolées à base cunéiforme à subcordée, à pétiole allongée et légèrement ailé. Les tiges, les pétioles et les feuilles (au moins sur les nervures) sont pubescents. Les stipules très développées atteignent 5 mm de large et dépassent la longueur du pétiole. Les grandes fleurs de type « violette » sont longuement pédicellées, d’un bleu-lilas pâle et possèdent un éperon court et large de couleur verte. Les sépales sont aigus.
Détermination
Moyennement difficile.
Espèces proches
Viola persicifolia est une espèce proche, plus petite dans toutes ses parties, à stipules n’atteignant pas 5 mm de large et ne dépassant pas le pétiole (stipule > 5 mm et dépassant le pétiole chez V. elatior). V. jordanii possède des feuilles à base nettement cordée, un éperon tirant sur le jaune-vert pâle et est une plante d’ourlets et de sous-bois méditerranéens secs (feuilles au mieux sub-cordées, éperon vert et plante des prairies humides des grandes vallées fluviales pour V. elatior).
Période d’observation
Floraison entre mai et juin.
Biologie - éthologie
Espèce hémicryptophyte (herbacée vivace) appartenant à la famille des Violaceae qui se reconnaît aisément à la floraison. Le seul genre rencontré en France, Viola, se partage en 4 sections entre les « pensées » (sect. Melanium et sect. Dischidium) et les « violettes » (sect. Xylinosium et sect. Viola à laquelle appartient Viola elatior). Viola elatior est hermaphrodite, entomogame et myrmécochore (dissémination des graines par les fourmis).
Biogéographie et écologie
Espèce euro-sibérienne : depuis l’Europe occidentale, centrale et orientale jusqu’à la Sibérie. Viola elatior pousse dans les prairies hydrophiles basiphiles des grandes plaines alluviales. Cette espèce est rare en France.
Sources Tison J.-M., De Foucault B. (coords). 2014. Flora gallica - Flore de France. Ed. Biotope (Mèze), 1196p
The map presents a summary at the 10 x 10 km grid of the observation data for the species transmitted to the SINP. These data have been subjected to validation filters.
Distribution map from the Atlas of Departmental Biodiversity and Marine Sectors program
Current distribution in metropolitan France
The map presents a reference distribution layer of the species at the scale of departments and marine sectors. The presence and absence data were established by expertise within a network of partners. This reference distribution is used in the validation process of the SINP data at the INPN level.
Distribution map from the Atlas of Departmental Biodiversity and Marine Sectors program
Certain presence
Corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years (20 years for little-known invertebrates) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population. For migratory species, the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction.
Probable presence
This status is based on one or more of the following criteria:
search of species incomplete but presence of supportive environments;
ecology of the species consistent with the hypothesis of his presence;
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [vertebrates, invertebrates and plants well studied (rhopalocera, grasshoppers, dragonflies ...)] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [poorly known taxa: fungus, many invertebrates...].
Probable or certain absence
This point covers the absence, more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence. This status is based on one or more of the following criteria:
intensive but unsuccessful targeted research;
lack of adequate environments;
unobserved species while its presence is easily detected;
unlikely presence for historical or biogeographical reasons.
This status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual.
Absence due to a proven extinction
Particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago (older disappearances are treated as "no probable or definite").
No information
In the state of knowledge, we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department. This is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt.