66.6 - Fumaroles, solfataras and mofettes

Classification des habitats du Paléarctique (2001)

Description

Orifices in volcanic areas emitting hot or cold gases and vapours. Their very extreme environment is colonized by paucispecific but highly distinct communities. Included are steam vents (fumaroles), vapour and hot sulphurous gas vents (solfatares), paint pots, porridge pots and mud volcanoes, as well as cold carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen vents (mofettes), that emit directly into the open atmosphere; marine and subterraneous vents have been included in units 11 and 65, respectively.

Bibliographie

Devillers P., Devillers-Terschuren J. & Vander Linden C., 2001. PHYSIS Palaearctic Habitat Classification Database. Updated to 10 December 2001. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Bruxelles. (Source)

Vanden Berghen, 1969b: 89-90; Brullo & al., 1977; Pignatti, 1982; Cei & al., 1982; Rittmann and Rittmann, 1983: 35-38; Whittow, 1984; Maldonado, 1985; Wildpret de la Torre and del Arco Aguilar, 1987; Krafft and de Larouzière, 1991; Påhlsson, 1994; Einarsson, 1994.